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The PCI serial port is a port of the PCI Express architecture developed as a standard method for connecting serial devices to a computer. It is found on most motherboards that have integrated sound, LAN, or modem cards. The ports are usually located near the bottom of the motherboard next to one another on some boards and all boards with integrated sound cards have at least two ports. By default, these ports are configured as COM2 and COM3 with IRQ8 and IRQ9 respectively. Some motherboards have support for an additional serial port controlled by an I/O controller which can be used to connect multiple modems or ISDN cards without requiring any changes to system BIOS settings. This uses the IRQ0. Commands that can be sent to the serial port are: Programming the serial port in Windows has become very easy in recent years, to the extent that most users do not need to use software. Some programs, especially if they are used for time tracking, may require one or more COM3 ports be set up. There are user-programmable chips on some motherboards which allow direct communication with a specific user programmable chip on an ISA card. With these chips installed it is possible to completely bypass operating system configuration of COM3 ports and use them for other purposes such as modem communication before attempting software programming. There are a number of applications available for programmers. Commands accepted by the serial port include: The serial port uses a UART interface with several variants. The standard specifications specify a character size of 8-bits, with each byte consisting of two bytes. However, there is no limit on how many characters can be sent per packet and some device drivers allow for extensions such as flow control. In addition, the default setting allows 8-bit packets even though it is usually assumed that all bytes are represented in two bytes (a single byte without the need for parity). When using this standard, therefore, a sequence of EOT will always correspond to 255 characters regardless of the actual data content. In addition, settings such as parity and stop bits may be configured. For higher speed communication, several variants exist. For example, the WD2232-compatible variant uses a bidirectional data stream that eliminates the need for a start bit and features a faster normal bus speed. Several other similar bidirectional variants exist that support full-duplex communication or use different control signals such as RTS or DSR. As yet there is no standard International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) specification on serial port communication protocols, so software must often rely on vendor provided drivers. Serial devices based on the WD2232 standard can be connected to each other without requiring such drivers. There are two modes of operation for the serial protocol: 8-bit and 32/34-bit. The default setting is 8-bit, while 34-bit mode is selected by setting the ninth bit in the mode register. The 34 bit mode provides increased throughput and increased error detection and typically uses a different baud rate. In addition, there is no parity value for this variant; instead an error condition will be signaled if a parity error occurs. This may take the form of an interrupt or an invalid character code sent back to the application software. cfa1e77820
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